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set.seed(1) # constant seed for reproducibility
df = data.frame(samples = c(rnorm(200, 1, 1),
rnorm(200, 0, 1),
rnorm(200, 0, 2)))
df$parameter[1:200] = "$\\mathcal{N}(1, 1)$"
df$parameter[201:400] = "$\\mathcal{N}(0, 1)$"
df$parameter[401:600] = "$\\mathcal{N}(0, 2)$"
qplot(samples,
bins = 30,
facets = parameter~.,
geom = "histogram",
main = "Datasets",
data = df)
# We compute below the qq-plots of these three datasets (y axis)
# vs. a sample drawn from the N(0, 1) distribution (x axis)
ggplot(df, aes(sample = samples)) +
stat_qq() +
facet_grid(.~parameter) +
ggtitle("Quantile-Quantile of Datasets")
# Compare two distributions and show how the $t$-distribution has tails that
# are heavier than the Gaussian N(0, 1) distribution
x_grid = seq(-6, 6, length.out = 200)
df = data.frame(density = dnorm(x_grid, 0, 1))
df$tdensity = dt(x_grid, 1.5)
df$x = x_grid
ggplot(df, aes(x = x, y = density)) +
geom_area(fill = I("grey")) +
geom_line(aes(x = x, y = tdensity)) +
ggtitle("$\\mathcal{N}(0, 1)$ (shaded) and $t$-distribution with 1.5 Degrees of Freedom")
df$samples = rnorm(200, 0, 1)
pm = list(df = 1.5)
ggplot(df, aes(sample = samples)) +
stat_qq(distribution = qt, dparams = pm) +
ggtitle("Quantile-Quantile of the Two Distributions Above")
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